电信资费的法律规制

陈晓航
（重庆邮电大学 法学院）

摘 要：较之从前，我国的电信法律规制有了很大发展，但和国外电信法律规制相比，尤其是在电信资费法律规制方面还需进一步完善，本文在给出国外电信资费的相关法律规制的同时，介绍了中国电信资费法律规制的进程，给出了未来中国电信资费规制特别是法律规制的走向，强调了《电信法》的及早出台。
关键词：规制；电信规制；电信资费法律规制；《通信法》；《电信法》

规制(Regulation)，又称管制，是一个颇有争议的概念。通常指为克服市场失灵带来的社会和经济弊端，政府通过实施法律和规章制度来约束和规范微观经济主体(主要是企业)的交易行为。在西方经济学文献中，产业组织理论以产业内部企业之间的竞争与垄断和规模经济的关系和矛盾为研究对象，规制经济理论以政府规制的理论和实践为研究对象，两个方面的研究都十分活跃，为维持合理的市场秩序和提高经济效率提供了理论依据和实施途径。
政府对电信业的规制内容(Regulatory content)包括市场准入规制和市场行为规制。市场准入规制主要是许可证制度。市场行为规制具体包括价格规制、互联互通、普遍服务、资源（标准）使用、服务质量等。规制治理(Regulatory governance)指通过一定的制度或机制安排，协调规制机构与所有利害相关者(如电信运营商、用户、规制机构雇员等)之间的利益关系，以保证规制机构制订和执行科学的规制法律法规，利用行政干预来纠正市场失灵现象，从而最终达到规制目标。电信资费的法律规制在电信资费事后管制和构建高效监督体系方面起到很大作用。
一、国外电信资费法律规制
在垄断时期，西方国家的电信资费政策由有关电信和保护消费者权益的立法决定。这些立法构成主管部门对电信资费进行管制的主要依据，在美国， 有关电信资费管制的联邦立法有两个：一个是《1934年电信法》，另一个是对美国联邦通讯委员会(简称FCC)进行管制授权的《FCC法》联邦立法确定了资费的定价原则、基本定价办法、管制的目的、管制机构的构成、进行管制的权力范围及行使权力的方式、程序等。 除《1934年电信法》和《FCC法》两部专门电信立法外，其他立法也可对电信资费管制发生法律效力如保护消费者权益的立法。在这些立法中，消费者在接受电信服务时，享有和接受其他服务同样受保护的权利。
引入竞争前西欧、日本、澳大利亚电信的经营管理体制虽然和和美国有很大不同,但在资费政策决定上，这些国家和美国大同小异， 资费政策的基本内容也由国家立法明确规定，主要电信业务资费调整要报国会审批。以英国为例。英国是世界上第一个开放电信市场的国家，其电信市场从完全垄断逐步走向完全开放。英国电信业改革的历程和中国的情况十分类似，经历了寡头垄断时期、双寡头垄断时期，然后逐步开放。2003年7月1 7日，英国议会批准了新的《通信法》草案，从而2003年《通信法》取代1984年《电信法》成为英国电信规制的根本性法律文件。这是英国依据欧盟的新规制框架和有关电信规制研究领域内的最新进展，并结合全球电信规制成果和英国自身的经验对英国电信规制进行的重大改革。英国2003年《通信法》的颁布旨在进一步完善市场规范，建立更高效的监管体系。下表列出了《通信法》与电信资费相关的改革前后对比及其启示(参见表1)。

表1 英国2003年《通信法》与资费相关改革及启示

措 施 改 革 前 改 革 后 启示
上限规制

发展延续

构建有效

事前规制 上限规制初期，OFTEL
针对BT降低服务品质以降低成本、交叉补贴排挤竞争对手等情况，通过颁布服务标准和细化电信业务分组等方式，有效解决这种情况。 新《通信法》进一步规范了服务质量的相关条款，进一步细化电信业务分组，保障竞争公正公平。同时加强对资费成本的监控，确保资费正确反应成本，与价格上限相吻合。 采用价格上限规制模型（RPI-X），构建有效的事前规制体系，有效抑制恶性价格战。服务质量等配套规制方法激励电信运营商自动提高电信质量和服务水平，提高运营效率，降低成本以获得更多利润
事后规制

有法可依

构建高效

监管体系

在1998年《竞争法》、《2002年企业法》法律效应保证下，有效规范行业合理竞争 电信资费规制进一步效法《竞争法》原则，遇到不涉及互联互通争端的反竞争行为个案时，在《竞争法》等框架下展开调查，只有在竞争法不能解决问题的情况下，才使用行业监管权力
以2003年新《通信法》为核心，指定了一套完整的法规体系对企业的竞争行为进行监督，以进一步晚上市场规范，建立更高效的监管体系。

充分重视

社会监督

“顾客小姐”充当社会监督的角色 赋予“顾客小姐”更独立自主的度量标准，同时成立“电信意见调查员”，保证消费者充分了解电信资费信息，并提供似的那个的顾客争议解决机制
社会监督作为顾客的独立喉舌，保证电信规制部门及电信运营商充分考虑消费者的利益

新《通信法》较原有的《电信法》在资费方面有所改进。电信行政管理费用取代了许可费，并取消了固定收费项目。2003年《通信法》第38款规定OFCOM（通信管理局）可以确定行政管理费用，以替代原电信法规定的年度许可收费。尽管这种收费机制在结构上与许可费类似，但在收费范围上有一些重大变化。
中国电信资费法律规制
随着世界范围内电信业的自由化浪潮，以及国内产业结构调整的要求，中国电信业的有效竞争要求被提上了改革日程，资费规制政策越来越重视“市场效率”这一目标，一系列规制举措得以颁布和实施(见表2)。

表2 中国电信资费规制进程
2000年之前 完全的政府定价，电信企业一律需遵照政府制定的统一资费标准收费
2000年 《电信条例》颁布，规定实行政府定价、政府指导价和市场定价三种方式，增值电信业务实行市场定价，基础电信也不基本实行政府定价
国务院办公厅


国务院办公厅转发口岸领导小组《关于加强空运进口贷物管理的暂行办法》的通知(附英文)

1987年8月25日，国务院办公厅

通知
各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，国务院各部委、各直属机构：
国务院口岸领导小组《关于加强空运进口货物运输管理的暂行办法》，已经国务院同意，现转发给你们，请遵照执行。

关于加强空运进口货物管理的暂行办法
随着我国对外贸易和对外经济技术交流的发展，空运进口货物的数量迅速增长，空港疏运任务日益繁重。为了加速空港货物流转，避免积压，特作如下暂行规定：
一、凡利用空运进口货物的单位，在委托有经营该项商品进口业务权的外贸、工贸公司订货时，必须按受委托单位的要求认真填写进口订货单，其中收货单位一栏要写明单位全称和详细地址，并注明联系人姓名和电话号码。
二、因卖方责任造成进口货物短缺或者毁损，需向卖方提出索赔和补发货物时，由原订货公司对外办理。因特殊情况，由进口用货单位自办的，必须要求卖方在运单上注明合同号、收货人（委托外运公司或其他货运代理部门进行代理的，填外运公司或其他货运代理部门），并将办理结果及时通知原订货公司。
三、外贸、工贸公司应当按照批准的经营进口商品的分工范围，接受委托订货。对需要进口许可证的货物，进口用货单位如果没有办妥许可证，外贸、工贸公司不得受理。外贸、工贸公司应当严格按照有关规定审核进口订货单和编写唛头代号标记。有关业务人员应当认真掌握唛头标记的组成结构，严格按照每个代号的次序排列，不得颠倒、错写和增减。
新批准成立的外贸、工贸公司，应当在批准之日起一个月内向经贸部（运输局）申请办理唛头代号。尚未申请的，一律在本办法下发之日起一个月内补办手续。任何单位不得自编和借用其他单位的代号。经贸部（运输局）应当对各外贸、工贸公司使用的唛头代号，定期进行检查和清理。
四、外贸、工贸公司对外签订空运进口货物合同，应当争取采用ｆｏｂ价格（卖方将货物交到买方指定飞机上的价格）条款，充分使用我国民航飞机，尽量利用外运公司或其他货运代理部门在国外的空运代理。
外贸、工贸公司对外签订的合同条款中，应当充分考虑国内报关和疏运方面的需要。要求卖方填写运单、制作单据发票时，必须填写同一唛头标记、合同号，并提供足够的份数。在货物外包装上，应当要求卖方刷制完整醒目的唛头标记。
五、外贸、工贸公司签订合同后，应当及时将合同副本、许可证等有关材料，寄送外运公司或其他货运代理部门，作为接交报关代运的依据。
六、民航货运部门在空运进口货物到港后，应及时与外运公司或其他货运代理部门办理货物的交接工作，逐票点清。如果货物发生短缺、破损或者全票货物丢失，应当由民航货运部门签发商务记录。
七、外运公司和其他货运代理部门在收到委托代理报关的货物后，应当在海关规定的期限内，及时办理报关分拨。对虽属委托报关但报关手续不全，或者没有委托报关但又属货运代理部门负责通知的，外运公司或其他货运代理部门应当在报关期限内，向订货或者收货单位发出三次通知或查询函。即货到后第一次发到货通知或查询函；超过一个月未能报关的，第二次发催报通知或查询函；超过两个月未能报关的，第三次发催报通知或查询函。信件一律用挂号发出。
由民航货运部门直接交付收货人的货物，民航要在货到后两个月内发出三次催报通知。
八、为了弄清情况，以利催报，对空运进口货物自运输工具申报进境之日起满两个月尚未报关的，民航货运部门、外运公司或其他货运代理部门可分别向海关申请开拆货物包装。货物包装开拆应当在海关的监督下进行。开箱记录由海关签字证明。
九、收货单位不得借故不报关、不提货。如确有原因，应及时向海关和民航货运部门、外运公司或其他货运代理部门说明理由，并在三个月内处理完毕。在此期间，收货单位对广告资料、样品、礼品以及失去时效的索赔件可以向海关声明放弃。对根据合同进口的货物和尚未失去时效的索赔件，原则上不得放弃；确有理由放弃的，必须经主管部门批准。
十、海关应当本着既把关又服务的精神，简化手续，加快进口货物的验放速度。对于进口货物验凭国家规定的批准证件按规章予以放行。
海关对于索赔货物，应按照海关总署《关于无代价抵偿进出口货物的征免税规定》验放。对当时交验索赔证明有困难的，在收货人提供必要的担保后，海关可先予以放行，并限期补办手续。对于不属国家限制进口商品且又无法提供发票的样品、礼品，经收货人申请，海关可以开箱查验，做出估价，并按规章予以征税或免税放行。
十一、收货单位自运输工具申报进境之日起，超过三个月未向海关申报的，其进口货物即应由民航货运部门、外运公司或者其他货运代理部门分别移交海关变卖处理。变卖应当遵循经济、节约、物尽其用的原则，仪器、机械设备应当尽可能变卖给有关单位。
变卖所得货款在扣除运输、装卸、储存等费用和税款后，尚有余款的，自货物变卖之日起一年内，经收货单位申请，由海关予以发还；对逾期无人申请的，上缴国库。
十二、进口用货单位，外贸、工贸公司，外运公司和其他货运代理部门以及空港所在地海关等，要严格执行本办法，并应根据本办法建立和健全规章制度，明确岗位责任。
十三、各地口岸委（办）应当根据国务院办公厅《关于地方口岸管理机构职责范围暂行规定》（国办发〔1987〕21号），组织口岸有关单位，对本办法的执行情况进行检查，遇有矛盾及时协调解决。
对违反本办法造成空港压货，致使货物变质、索赔件失去时效或者出现无主货等现象的，应当查清情况，追究责任方或者责任人员的经济和行政责任。
十四、国务院口岸办应当会同经贸部、海关总署、中国民航局等部门，按本办法的规定定期进行检查，及时研究解决存在的问题。
国务院口岸领导小组
一九八七年八月二日

INTERIM MEASURES CONCERNING STRENGTHENING ADMINISTRATION OF IM-PORTS BY AIR

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM MEASURES CONCERNING STRENGTHENING ADMINISTRATION OF IM-
PORTS BY AIR
(Approved and promulgated by the State Council on August 25, 1987)
With the development of China's foreign trade and economic and
technological exchanges with foreign countries, the amount of imports by
air has increased rapidly and the task of transporting goods from airports
has become increasingly arduous. The following interim measures are
formulated in order to speed up the flow of goods at airports to prevent
goods from being kept too long in storage:
1. When entrusting the foreign trade companies and the industrial trade
companies which are empowered to import the relevant commodities to do the
ordering, the units importing goods through air transport must
conscientiously fill out import orders according to the instructions of
the entrusted units. The full name of the units and the detailed addresses
must be written in the column for the consignee, with the names and
telephone numbers of the persons in charge clearly indicated.
2. When it is necessary to claim damages and demand resupply of goods from
the seller because of lack or loss of imported goods caused by the seller,
the company which did the ordering shall be responsible for the work
involved. If, in special cases, the job must be done by the users
themselves, it is necessary to ask the seller to indicate clearly on the
way bill the number of the contract and the consignee (if foreign trade
transport companies or other agent transport departments are entrusted to
do the job, the names of these companies or departments shall be
indicated) and notify the company which did the ordering of the goods of
the results.
3. Foreign trade companies and industrial trade companies should accept
entrustment for ordering goods within the approved scope of business for
handling imported commodities. They must not accept entrustment from
those user units which have not obtained import licences for the goods.
These companies should examine and verify import orders and write the
marks, codes and symbols in strict accordance with the relevant
stipulations. The relevant personnel should be professionally familiar
with the structure of the marks and arrange the codes strictly according
to their order. No such mistakes as reversion, addition and subtraction
may be allowed.
Newly-established foreign trade companies and industrial trade companies
shall apply to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade (or
its Transport Bureau) for marks and codes within one month of approval for
the establishment. Those companies which have not applied must go through
the formalities within one month of promulgation of these Measures. No
units may be allowed to devise their own codes or borrow the codes of
other units. The Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade (or its
Transport Bureau) shall conduct regular check-ups of the marks and codes
used by various companies.
4. When signing contracts of imports by air with foreign businessmen and
companies, foreign trade companies and industrial trade companies should
try to fix FOB prices (prices calculated on the basis that the seller
deliver the goods to the planes designated by the buyer) in the clauses so
that our civil aviation planes and the agencies for air transport of our
foreign trade transport companies or other agent transport companies
stationed in foreign countries will be used as much as possible. When
signing contracts with foreign businessmen and companies, foreign trade
companies and industrial trade companies should take into full
consideration the factors of Customs clearance and transport in China.
When the sellers are requested to write way-bills, bills and receipts,
they must provide consistent marks, codes and the numbers of the
contracts, with enough copies. It is also necessary to ask the sellers to
make eye-catching full-size marks and symbols on the outside packing of
the goods.
5. After signing contracts, foreign trade companies and industrial trade
companies shall promptly send copies of the contracts, the licences and
other relevant materials to foreign trade transport companies or other
agent transport companies as certificates for taking over the goods,
Customs clearance and transport.
6. After imported goods arrive at airports by air, transport departments
of the civil aviation administration shall promptly complete the
formalities for handing over the goods to the relevant foreign trade
transport companies and other agent transport companies, with every lot of
goods carefully checked. In case of any lack or damage of the goods or of
loss of the whole lot of goods, transport departments of the civil
aviation administration shall sign and issue certificates.
7. After receiving the goods entrusted for Customs clearance, foreign
trade transport companies or other agent transport companies should go
through the formalities within the time limit prescribed by the Customs.
With respect to the goods which have been entrusted for Customs clearance
but are not armed with adequate number of documents and those goods which
have not been entrusted but belong to the category for which agent
transport companies have the duty to notify the relevant units, these
companies should send three notices or letters of inquiry to the units
ordering the goods or the consignee within the limited Customs clearance
period. Upon the arrival of the goods, a notice of arrival or a letter of
inquiry shall be sent; if the goods are not cleared through the Customs
within a month, a notice of pressing for Customs clearance or a letter of
inquiry shall be sent; if the goods are not cleared through the Customs
within two months, another notice of pressing for Customs clearance or a
third letter of inquiry shall be sent. All the notices and letters shall
be sent by registered mail. With respect to the goods which should be
directly handed over to the consignee by transport departments of the
civil aviation administrations, the departments shall send three notices
of pressing for Customs clearance within two months of the arrival of the
goods.
8. In order to find out the real situation to facilitate the Customs
clearance, in case that goods imported by air are not cleared through the
Customs two months after the day when the means of transport were declared
for entry, transport departments of the civil aviation administration,
foreign trade transport companies or other agent transport departments may
send separate applications to the Customs for opening the packing of the
goods. The opening of the packing shall be conducted under the supervision
of the Customs, which shall sign and issue the relevant certificates.
9. Under no excuses may consignees refuse to go through the formalities
concerning Customs clearance and refuse to take delivery of their goods.
When there are good reasons, they should promptly explain to the Customs,
transport departments of the civil aviation administrations, foreign trade
transport companies or other agent transport departments, and complete the
job within three months. During this period, the consignees may declare to
the Customs that they abandon the relevant advertisement material,
samples, presents and those documents of claims for damages which have
exceeded the prescribed period of validity. The goods imported through
contracts and those documents of claims for damages which have not
exceeded the prescribed period of validity may not be abandoned in
principle. When there are good reasons for the abandonment, approval must
be obtained from the competent department.
10. The Customs should simplify the formalities and speed up the
examination and clearance of imported goods in the spirit of providing
good service but with strict examination. The imported goods with
documents of approval issued by the
State shall be cleared according to the relevant regulations.
The goods for which damages have been claimed shall be examined and
cleared in accordance with the Stipulations Concerning Imposition of or
Exemption from duties on Imported and Exported Goods Compensated at No
Costs formulated by the General Administration of Customs. If it is
difficult for the consignees to produce the certificates of claims for the
examination on the spot, the Customs may clear the goods first after the
consignees provide necessary guarantee and promise to go through the
formalities within the time limit. With respect to the samples and
presents which do not belong to the category of imported goods restricted
by the State but are not supported by receipts, upon the application of
the consignees, the Customs may open the packing for examination, offer an
appraised price and clear the goods with or without taxes according to the
regulations.
11. If consignees fail to declare to the Customs within three months of
the declaration for entry by the means of transport, their imported goods
shall be transferred to the Customs for sale by the transport departments
of the civil aviation administration, foreign trade transport companies or
other agent transport department. The goods should be sold in the
principle of economy and making the best use of everything. Instruments
and machinery equipment should be sold as far as possible to the relevant
units. The money from the sale of such goods, after the deduction of the
expenses for transport, loading and unloading and storage as well as the
duties, shall be returned by the Customs to the consignees upon their
applications within one year of selling. The money shall be turned over to
the State treasury if no one applies for it.
12. Units importing goods, foreign trade companies, industrial trade
companies, foreign trade transport companies and other agent transport
departments as well as the Customs at the airports must all strictly
implement these Measures and should, in accordance with these Measures,
establish and amplify their
rules and regulations and clarify post responsibilities.
13. The commissions (or offices) in charge of port affairs in various
regions shall, in accordance with the Interim Provisions for the Scope of
Competence of Local Administrative Organs for Port Affairs issued by the
General Office of the State Council, organize various relevant units at
the ports to jointly check the implementation of these Measures and solve
contradictions promptly through coordinated efforts.
In case that goods have gone bad, documents claiming for damages have
exceeded the prescribed period, or owners of the goods cannot be found
because of clogged airports caused by violations of these Measures,
investigations shall be carried out to pursue the economic and
administrative liabilities of the responsible units or persons.
14. The Leading Group for Port Affairs of the State Council shall, in
conjunction with the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, the
General Administration of Customs, the Civil Aviation Administration of
China and other relevant departments, conduct regular checkups and
promptly review and solve existing problems.